How I made my histograms histocum.p min=0 max=100 bins=20 out=H10 P10.txt histocum.p min=0 max=100 bins=20 out=H65 P65.txt !histocum.p min=0 max=100 bins=100 out=H10h P10.txt !histocum.p min=0 max=100 bins=100 out=H65h P65.txt min = 0.000000, max = 100.000000, bins = 20. gnuplot plot 'H10' u 1:2 w boxes, 'H10' u 1:3 w l plot 'H10' u 1:6 w l , 'H10' u 1:7 w l count = 25, mu = 20.380000, SumSquareDevns = 6005.640000, sd about zero = 25.604101, sd = 15.818818, range = 1.000000,70.000000 histocum.p min=0 max=100 bins=20 out=H65 P65.txt min = 0.000000, max = 100.000000, bins = 20. gnuplot plot 'H65' u 1:2 w boxes, 'H65' u 1:3 w l plot 'H65' u 1:6 w l , 'H65' u 1:7 w l count = 23, mu = 38.173913, SumSquareDevns = 7961.304348, sd about zero = 42.466355, sd = 19.023077, range = 16.000000,85.000000 See also the file gnu for how I plotted these. ! histocum.p min=-1 max=26 bins=27 out=Mother c=1 children.txt ! histocum.p min=-1 max=26 bins=27 out=Aunt c=2 children.txt plot 'Mother' u 1:2 w boxes, 'Mother' u 1:3 w l plot 'Mother' u 1:6 w l , 'Mother' u 1:7 w l count = 49, mu = 5.510204, SumSquareDevns = 192.244898, sd about zero = 5.855400, sd = 2.001275, range = 2.000000,10.000000 ! gnuplot> ! histocum.p min=0 max=25 bins=25 out=Aunt c=2 children.txt min = 0.000000, max = 25.000000, bins = 25. gnuplot plot 'Aunt' u 1:2 w boxes, 'Aunt' u 1:3 w l plot 'Aunt' u 1:6 w l , 'Aunt' u 1:7 w l =========================== ResponsesG.gnumeric is where I have made graphs using gnumeric raw data are in Responses.gnumeric =========================== Sampling theory for the Aunts versus Mothers -------------------------------------------- To analyse the 'significance' of the "16 above, 29 below" result exactly, we can compute the 'p-value' like this. The null hypothesis is H0: p=1/2. The alternative says 'no, mothers have larger numbers of children'. load oct (oct.m) octave > a=[0:45]; > y=binomial_pdf(a,45,0.5); > a(17) ans = 16 > sum(y(1:17)) ans = 0.036227 So the 'p-value' is 0.036. This is normally viewed as 'significant' evidence.